1. Định nghĩa mệnh đề quan hệ là gì
- Mệnh đề (Clause) là một phần của
câu, nó có thể bao gồm nhiều từ hay có cấu trúc của cả một câu. Mệnh đề quan hệ
dùng để giải thích rõ hơn về danh từ đứng trước nó.
- Mệnh đề quan hệ (mệnh đề tính từ)
bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ: who, whom, which, that, whose hay những trạng
từ quan hệ: why, where, when. Mệnh đề quan hệ dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng
trước nó.
Xét ví dụ sau:
- The woman who is wearing the T-shirt is my girlfriend.
Trong câu này phần được viết chữ
nghiêng được gọi là một relative clause, nó đứng sau “the woman” và dùng để xác
định danh từ đó. Nếu bỏ mệnh đề này ra chúng ta vẫn có một câu hoàn chỉnh:
-
The woman is my girlfriend.
2.
Các dạng mệnh đề quan hệ trong tiếng Anh
Có hai loại mệnh đề quan hệ: mệnh đề
quan hệ xác định và mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định.
1. Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Defining
relative clauses): là mệnh đề được dùng để xác định danh từ đứng trước nó. Mệnh đề xác định
là mệnh đề cần thiết cho ý nghĩa của câu, không có nó câu sẽ không đủ nghĩa. Nó
được sử dụng khi danh từ là danh từ không xác định và không dùng dấu phẩy ngăn
cách nó với mệnh đề chính.
2. Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định
(Non-defining relative clauses): là mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin về một người, một vật
hoặc một sự việc đã được xác định. Mệnh đề không xác định là mệnh đề không nhất
thiết phải có trong câu, không có nó câu vẫn đủ nghĩa. Nó được sử dụng khi danh
từ là danh từ xác định và được ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng một hoặc hai
dấu phẩy (,) hay dấu gạch ngang (-)
Ex: Dalat, which I visited last summer,
is very beautiful. (Non-defining relative clause)
Note: để biết khi nào dùng mệnh đề
quan hệ không xác định, ta lưu ý các điểm sau:
-
Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một danh từ riêng
-
Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một tính từ sở hữu (my, his, her, their)
-
Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa la một danh từ đi với this , that, these, those
3. Phân loại các đại từ quan hệ trong tiếng
Anh
1. WHO:
-
làm chủ từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ
-
thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người.....
-
Cấu trúc: N (person) + WHO + V + O
-
Ví dụ: I told you about the woman who lives next door.
2. WHOM:
-
làm túc từ cho động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ
-
thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người
-
Cấu trúc: .....N (person) + WHOM + S + V
-
Ví dụ: I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference.
3. WHICH:
-
làm chủ từ hoặc túc từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ
-
thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật
-
Cấu trúc:
....N
(thing) + WHICH + V + O
....N
(thing) + WHICH + S + V
-
Ví dụ:
+
Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?
+
He couldn’t read which surprised me
4. THAT:
-
có thể thay thế cho vị trí của who, whom, which trong mệnh đề quan hệ quan hệ
xác định
* Các trường hợp thường dùng
"that":
-
khi đi sau các hình thức so sánh nhất
-
khi đi sau các từ: only, the first, the last
-
khi danh từ đi trước bao gôm cả người và vật
-
khi đi sau các đại từ bất định, đại từ phủ định, đại từ chỉ số lượng: no one,
nobody, nothing, anyone, anything, anybody, someone, something, somebody, all,
some, any, little, none.
Ví dụ:
+ He was the most interesting person
that I have ever met.
+ It was the first time that I heard
of it.
+ These books are all that my sister
left me. 0983672757
+ She talked about the people and
places that she had visited.
* Các trường hợp không dùng that:
-
trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định
-
sau giới từ
5. WHOSE:
-
dùng để chỉ sở hữu cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật, thường thay cho các từ: her,
his, their, hoặc hình thức 's
-
.Cấu trúc....N (person, thing) + WHOSE + N + V ....
-
Ví dụ: Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?
4.
Phân loại các trạng từ quan hệ trong tiếng Anh
1. WHY: mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ chỉ lý
do, thường thay cho cụm for the reason, for that reason
- Cấu trúc: ......N (reason) + WHY +
S + V ...
Ví dụ: I don‟t know the reason. You didn‟t
go to school for that reason.
→ I don‟t know the reason why you
didn‟t go to school.
2. WHERE: thay thế từ chỉ nơi chốn, thường
thay cho there
- Cấu trúc:
....N (place) + WHERE + S + V
....
(WHERE = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)
Ví dụ: a/ The hotel wasn‟t very clean. We
stayed t that hotel.
→ The hotel where we stayed wasn‟t
very clean.
→ The hotel at which we stayed wasn‟t
very clean.
3. WHEN: thay thế từ chỉ thời gian, thường
thay cho từ then
Cấu trúc: ....N (time) + WHEN + S + V
...
(WHEN = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)
Ví dụ: Do you still remember the day?
We first met on that day.
→ Do you still remember the day when
we first met?
→ Do you still remember the day on
which we first met?
I don't know the time. She will come
back then.
→ I don't know the time when she will
come back.
5.
Một số lưu ý về mệnh đề quan hệ
1. Nếu trong mệnh đề quan hệ có giới
từ thì giới từ có thể đặt trước hoặc sau mệnh đề quan hệ (chỉ áp dụng với
whom và which.)
Ví
dụ: Mr. Brown is a nice teacher. We studied with him last year.
→ Mr. Brown, with whom we studied
last year, is a nice teacher.
→ Mr. Brown, whom we studied with
last year, is a nice teacher.
2. Có thể dùng which thay cho cả mệnh
đề đứng trước.
Ví
dụ: She can't come to my birthday party. That makes me sad.
→
She can't come to my birthday party, which makes me sad.
3. Ở vị trí túc từ, whom có thể được
thay bằng who.
Ví
dụ: I'd like to talk to the man whom / who I met at your birthday party.
4. Trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định ,
chúng ta có thể bỏ các đại từ quan hệ làm túc từ: whom, which.
Ví
dụ: The girl you met yesterday is my close friend. The book you lent me was
very interesting.
5. Các cụm từ chỉ số lượng some of,
both of, all of, neither of, many of, none of ... có thể được dùng trước
whom, which và whose.
Ví
dụ: I have two sisters, both of whom are students. She tried on three dresses,
none of which fitted her.
6. Luyện tập về Mệnh đề quan hệ
I. Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH
or THAT:
1. The men _______ lives next-door
are English.
2. The dictionary _______ you gave me
is very good.
3. Do you know the girls _______ are
standing outside the church?
4. The police are looking for the
thieve _______ got into my house last night.
5. The chocolate _______ you like
comes from the United States.
6. I have lost the necklace _______
my mother gave me on my birthday.
7. A burglar is someone _______
breaks into a house and steals things.
8. Buses _______ go to the airport
run every half hour.
9. I can't find the key _______ opens
this door.
10. I gave you a book _______ had
many pictures.
11. I don't like the boy _______ Sue
is going out with.
12. Did you see the beautiful dress
_______ she wore yesterday.
13. The man _______ she is going to
marry is very rich.
14. This is the bank _______ was
robbed yesterday.
15. He wore a mask _______ made him
look like Mickey Mouse.
II. Fill in the blanks with WHO,
WHICH or WHOSE:
1. He arrived with a friend ______
waited outside in the car.
2. The man ______ mobile was ringing
did not know what to do.
3. The car ______ the robbers escaped
in was a BMW.
4. The woman ______ daughter was
crying tried to calm her down.
5. The postman ______ works in the
village is very old.
6. The family ______ car was stolen
last week is the Smiths.
7. The cowboy ______ is wearing a red
shirt looks very funny.
8. A bus is a big car ______ carries
lots of people.
9. The volunteers, ______ enthusiasm
was obvious, finished the work quickly.
10. Children ______ like music are
often good at mathematics.
11. The engineers ______ designed the
building received an award.
12. The girl ______ recited the poem
is my niece.
13. The townspeople, ______ pride in
their community is well- known, raised enough money to build a new town hall.
14. The Pacific Ocean, ______ might
have been crossed by raft during the Stone Age, is the world's largest ocean.
15. The newspaper to ______ we
subscribe is delivered regularly.
III. Put who/ whom/ which/ that/
where…. in the blank
1. The parents thanked
the woman ____had saved their son
2. The factory
_____closed last week had been there for many years
3. Two men,
neither of _____I had been before, came into my office.
4. I like the
ice-cream ____they sell in that shop
5. He ate the food
_____ no one else wanted
6. John has got a
new mobile phone ____ takes photos
7. The village
_____ I ran out of petrol didn’t have a petrol station
8. The job for
_____she has applied is in London
9. John sold his
computer, _____he no longer need, to his cousin
10. Teddy has two
cars, one of ____ is very expensive.
IV. Combine These Pairs Of Sentences
Using Relative Pronouns:
1. The first boy has just moved. He
knows the truth.
..................................................
.................................................. ......
2. I don't remember the man. You said
you met him at the canteen last week.
..................................................
.................................................. ......
3. The only thing is how to go home.
It make me worried.
..................................................
.................................................. ......
4. The most beautiful girl lives
city. I like her long hair very much.
..................................................
.................................................. ......
5. He was Tom. I met him at the bar
yesterday.
..................................................
.................................................. ......
6. The children often go swimming on
Sundays. They have much free time then.
..................................................
.................................................. ......
7. They are looking for the man and
his dog. They have lost the way in the forest.
..................................................
.................................................. ......
8. The tree has lovely flowers. The
tree stands near the gate of my house.
..................................................
.................................................. ......
9. My wife wants you to come to
dinner. You were speaking to my wife
..................................................
.................................................. ......
10. The last man has just returned
from the farm. I want to talk to him at once.
..................................................
.................................................. ......
11. The students will be awarded the
present. The students' reports are very valuable.
..................................................
.................................................. ......
12. The book was a lovely story. I
was reading it yesterday.
..................................................
.................................................. ......
13. The botanist will never forget
the day. He found a strange plant on that day.
..................................................
.................................................. ......
14. Someone is phoning you. He looked
for you three hours ago.
..................................................
.................................................. ......
15. The man works for my father's
company. The man's daughter is fond of dancing.
..................................................
.................................................. ......
V. Rewrite the following sentences by
using relative clauses
1. He worked for a woman. She used to
be an artist.
2. They called a doctor. He lived
nearby.
3. I wrote an email to my sister. She
lives in Italy.
4. Linh liked the waiter. He was very
friendly.
5. We broke a car. It belonged to my
uncle.
6. Ba dropped a cup. It was new.
7. Nam loves books. They have happy
endings.
8. I live in a city. It is in the
north of Vietnam.
9. The man is in the class. He is
wearing a blue hat.
10. The woman works in a hospital.
She is from India.
11. My sister has four sons. She
lives in Japan.
12. The man was rude. He was wearing
a red shirt.
13. The phone is on the table. It
belongs to An.
14. The TV got broken. It was my
grandfather’s.
15. The radio was stolen. It was
bought 35 years ago.
16. The girl gave Binh his phone. She
is his daughter.
17. This is the laptop. My mother has
just bought it.
18. That’s the man. His car is a
Ferrari.
19. I know the woman. She lives
upstairs.
20. It’s the dog. I always talk to
him at night.
21. She opened the cupboard. She kept
her best glasses in there.
22. This is the house. General Giap
lived here.
23. The flight was canceled. We were
going to take it.
24. I saw the lady in the shop. She
was Vicki Zhao.
25. The man is a director. His dog is
sick.
26. My violin is missing. It was my
birthday present.
27. I first learn English from a
book. I’ve just reread it.
28. The police officer has just
arrested a man. He robbed the bank.
29. These are the shoes. I bought
them in HCMC.
VI. Combine two sentences by using
reduced relative clauses
1. She bought the car. Her father had
recommended it.
2. He lost the pen. I had given it to
him.
3. We called the delivery company.
Nga often uses it.
4. Lam met a girl. I used to employ
her.
5. Chi called the lawyer. My mother
knows him.
6. He brought a woman. I worked with
her last year.
7. We employed the pianist. Hai
introduced her.
8. The cake is on the table. I bought
it.
9. The book belongs to Lan. An found
it under the chair.
10. The food was delicious. Huy
cooked the food.
11. The bike was stolen. My parents
gave me the bike.
12. The man was arrested. I reported
him to the police.
13. The teacher was right. Ngan asked
him about her problem.
14. The writer was very pretty. My
brother dated her.
15. The secretary is in the office.
Dzung likes her.
16. We ate the food. I bought the
food.
VII. Make one sentence from two. Use
who/ which/ that/ where …..
1. I went to see a doctor. She had
helped my father
I went to see the doctor
___________________
2. A woman wrote to me. She wanted my
advice
The woman ______________________
3. Mary was wearing the red dress. It
was made in France
Mary was wearing the red dress
______________
4. We stayed at Sofitel hotel. Mark
recommended it to us
We stayed at Sofitel hotel
___________________
5. John is one of my closest friends. I
have known him for three years
John is one of my closest friends
______________
6. New York is one of the largest cities
in the USA. My sister is living there
New York is one of the largest cities
in the USA___________
7. Ann talked to a man. He won a lot of
money
Ann talked to the man___________
8. The couple has got a married again.
Their divorce was in the newspapers
The couple ___________________
9. He is an architect. He designed the
new city library
He is the architect _____________
10. Jerry sent me a letter. It was very
funny.
Jerry sent me the letter __________
7.
Đáp án đề luyện tập về mệnh đề quan hệ
I. Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH
or THAT:
1. The men ___who___ lives next-door
are English.
2. The dictionary ___which___ you
gave me is very good.
3. Do you know the girls ___who___
are standing outside the church?
4. The police are looking for the
thieve ___who___ got into my house last night.
5. The chocolate ___which___ you like
comes from the United States.
6. I have lost the necklace
___which___ my mother gave me on my birthday.
7. A burglar is someone ___that___
breaks into a house and steals things.
8. Buses ___that___ go to the airport
run every half hour.
9. I can't find the key ___which___
opens this door.
10. I gave you a book ___which___ had
many pictures.
11. I don't like the boy ___who___
Sue is going out with.
12. Did you see the beautiful dress
___which___ she wore yesterday.
13. The man ___whom___ she is going
to marry is very rich.
14. This is the bank ___which___ was
robbed yesterday.
15. He wore a mask ___which___ made
him look like Mickey Mouse.
II. Fill in the blanks with WHO,
WHICH or WHOSE:
1. He arrived with a friend ___who___
waited outside in the car.
2. The man ___whose___ mobile was
ringing did not know what to do.
3. The car ___which___ the robbers
escaped in was a BMW.
4. The woman ___whose___ daughter was
crying tried to calm her down.
5. The postman ___who___ works in the
village is very old.
6. The family ___whose___ car was
stolen last week is the Smiths.
7. The cowboy ___who___ is wearing a
red shirt looks very funny.
8. A bus is a big car ___which___
carries lots of people.
9. The volunteers, ___whose___
enthusiasm was obvious, finished the work quickly.
10. Children ___who___ like music are
often good at mathematics.
11. The engineers ___who___ designed
the building received an award.
12. The girl ___who___ recited the
poem is my niece.
13. The townspeople, ___whose___
pride in their community is well-known, raised enough money to build a new town
hall.
14. The Pacific Ocean, ___which___
might have been crossed by raft during the Stone Age, is the world's largest
ocean.
15. The newspaper to ____which___ we
subscribe is delivered regularly.
III. Put who/ whom/which/ where/
that,… in the blanks
1. The parents
thanked the woman _who/that___had saved their son
2. The factory
_which/that____closed last week had been there for many years
3. Two men,
neither of __whom___I had been before, came into my office.
4. I like the
ice-cream __that/which__they sell in that shop
5. He ate the food
__that/which___ no one else wanted
6. John has got a
new mobile phone _that/which___ takes photos
7. The village
__where___ I ran out of petrol didn’t have a petrol station
8. The job for
_which____she has applied is in London
9. John sold his
computer, __which___he no longer need, to his cousin
10. Teddy has two
cars, one of __which__ is very expensive.
IV. Combine These Pairs Of Sentences
Using Relative Pronouns:
1. The first boy who knows the truth
has just moved.
2. I don't remember the man whom you
said you met at the canteen last week.
3. The only thing which make me
worried is how to go home.
4. The most beautiful girl, whose
long hair I like very much, lives in this city.
5. The man whom I met at the bar
yesterday was Tom.
6. The children often go swimming on
Sundays when they have much free time.
7. They're looking for the man and
his dog that have lost the way in the forest.
8. The tree which stands near the
gate of my house has lovely flowers.
9. My wife, whom you were speaking
to, wants you to come to dinner.
10. I want to talk to the last man
who has just returned from the farm.
11. The students whose report are
very valuable will be awarded the present.
12. The book which I was reading
yesterday was a lovely story.
13. The botanist will never forget
the day when he found a strange plant.
14. The person who looked for you
three hours ago is phoning you.
15. The man whose daughter is fond of
dancing works for my father's company.
V. Rewrite the following sentences by
using relative clauses
1. He worked for a woman who used to
be an artist.
2. They called a doctor who lived
nearby.
3. I wrote an email to my sister who
lives in Italy.
4. Linh liked the waiter who was very
friendly.
5. We broke a car that belonged to my
uncle.
6. Ba dropped a cup which was new.
7. Nam loves books that have happy
endings.
8. I live in a city that is in the
north of Vietnam.
9. The man who is wearing a blue hat
is in the class.
10. The woman who is from India works
in a hospital.
11. My sister who lives in Japan has
four sons.
12. The man who was wearing a red
shirt was rude.
13. The phone that belongs to An is
on the table.
14. The TV that was my grandfather’s
got broken.
15. The radio that was bought 35
years ago was stolen.
16. The girl who gave Binh his phone
is his daughter.
17. This is the laptop which my
mother has just bought.
18. That’s the man whose car is a
Ferrari.
19. I know the woman who lives
upstairs.
20. It’s the dog that I always talk
to at night.
21. She opened the cupboard where she
kept her best glasses.
22. This is the house where General
Giap lived.
23. The flight that we were going to
take was canceled.
24. The lady that I saw in the shop
was Vicki Zhao.
25. The man whose dog is sick is a
director.
26. The violin that is missing was my
birthday present.
27. I’ve just reread the book which I
first learned English from.
28. The police officer has just
arrested the man who robbed the bank.
29. These are the shoes that I bought
in HCMC.
VI. Combine two sentences by using
reduced relative clauses
1. She bought the car her father had
recommended.
2. He lost the pen I had given him.
3. We called the delivery company Nga
often uses.
4. Lam met a girl I used to employ.
5. Chi called the lawyer my mother
knows.
6. He brought a woman I worked with
last year.
7. We employed the pianist Hai
introduced.
8. The cake I bought is on the table.
9. The wallet An found under the
chair belongs to Lan.
10. The food Huy cooked was
delicious.
11. The bike my parents gave me was
stolen.
12. The man I reported to the police
was arrested.
13. The teacher Ngan asked about her
problem was right.
14. The writer my brother dated was
very pretty.
15. The secretary Dzung likes is in
the office.
16. We ate the food I bought.
VII. Make one sentence from two. Use
who/ which/ that/ where …..
1. I went to see a doctor who/ that
had helped my father
2. The woman who/ that wrote to me
wanted my advice
3. Mary was wearing the red dress
which/ that was made in France
4. We stayed at the Sofitel hotel
which/ that Mark recommended to us
5. John is one of the closest friends
whom I have known for three years
6. New York is one of the largest
cities in the USA where my sister is living
7. Ann talked to the man who/ that
won a lot of money
8. The couple whose divorce was in
the newspapers has got married again
9. He is the architect who/ that
designed the new city library
10. Jerry sent me the letter that/ which was very funny